When Dorgon asked Wu to work for the Qing instead, Wu had little choice but to accept. The Shun received the letter. Examples of the devastation include the Yangzhou massacre, in which some 800,000 people, (although this number is now considered an exaggeration)[286] including women and children, were massacred. To show that the diverse subjects of the Qing were all part of one family, the Qing used the phrase "Zhongwai yijia" (中外一家, "central areas and outer areas as one realm") or "neiwei yijia" (內外一家, "interior and exterior of great-walls as one family"), to convey this idea of "unification" of the different peoples. Beijing Go to the map to view additional details. [46] With the surrender of Dalinghe in 1631, the most capable army officers of the Ming became faithful followers of the new dynasty who would take over the preparation and planning of much of the war. Manchus. After conquering "China proper", the Manchus identified their state as "China" (中國, Zhōngguó; "Middle Kingdom"), and referred to it as Dulimbai Gurun in Manchu (Dulimbai means "central" or "middle," gurun means "nation" or "state"). The Ming emperor, in urgent need of reinforcements, requested the aid of the Xi dynasty's followers. [4] Other factors include repeated military expeditions to the North, inflationary pressures caused by spending too much from the imperial treasury, natural disasters and epidemics of disease. The balance of power had tipped decidedly away from the imperial court and toward the foreign powers. [234], In March 1648, a bandit chief, Yang Sihai, and a woman by the surname of Zhang, claimed to be the Crown Prince of the Tianqi Emperor, and his consort, respectively. Koxinga's forces were unable to maintain a complete encirclement, which enabled the city to obtain supplies and even reinforcements—though cavalry attacks by the city's forces were successful even before reinforcements arrived. Jiang Jieshi was still determined to defeat the communists, but he also had to deal with the threat of Japan. Meanwhile, Wu Sangui's departure from the stronghold of Ningyuan had left all the territory outside the Great Wall under Qing control. The Qing showed that the Manchus valued military skills in propaganda targeted towards the Ming military to get them to defect to the Qing, since the Ming civilian political system discriminated against the military. Qing rule gradually collapsed during the second half of the 19th century and the early years of the 20th, due to a complicated interplay between internal and external factors. [144] It was these troops who provided day-to-day military governance in China,[145] and supplied the forces used in the front-line fighting. For over 200 years the people of China experienced war as their daily reality and a legalistic approach to trying to control people's worst impulses - controlling people through the threat of severe punishment for doing wrong - would have seemed like the best way to deal with the chaos. B. Hong Taiji curtailed the power of the Manchu princes by relying on Han Chinese officials. [186], In Jiangnan, the Qing implemented peaceful surrender for districts and cities who defected without any violent resistance, leaving the local Ming officials who defected in charge and the Qing Han-Manchu army would not attack them nor kill or do any violence against peaceful defectors. [146] The Manchus sent Han Bannermen to fight against Koxinga's Ming loyalists in Fujian. This force was known as the "Elm Garden Army", equipped with Western cannons. The Ming emperor, fearful that Sun intended to make himself emperor, asked Li Dingguo to liberate him. Shang Zhixin and Geng surrendered in 1681 after a massive Qing counteroffensive, in which the Han Green Standard Army played the major role with the Bannermen taking a backseat. [281][282][283][284] In the Manchu official Tulisen's Manchu language account of his meeting with the Torghut leader Ayuka Khan, it was mentioned that while the Torghuts were unlike the Russians, the "people of the Central Kingdom" (dulimba-i gurun 中國 Zhongguo) were like the Torghuts, and the "people of the Central Kingdom" referred to the Manchus. [156] A Manchu translation was made of the military themed Chinese novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms. [71] The civilian government was flooded by Han Chinese Bannermen. Rule China right up to the new regime rebel leaders began to lose power its! From Nagasaki to Batavia on a trade mission years before collapsing in 1911–1912, it was Han military! 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